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The Skys the limit?

Declarations of non-infringement or DNIs are common in the patent world whether as part of a pre-emptive “clearing the way” strategy or as a counterclaim to alleged infringement.

But do they work for trade marks?

This question has been indirectly considered in two recent English cases: Karen Millen v Karen Millen Fashions Ltd and Skyscape Cloud Services Ltd v Sky Plc.

The background to both cases is different.

Skyscape supplies cloud computer services to organisations within the UK public sector. Sky, the broadcaster, barely needs an introduction. Sky alleged infringement of some of its trade marks and Skyscape offered limited undertakings in return. Although Sky did not issue proceedings, Skyscape opted to commence proceedings against Sky in order to gain “commercial certainty regarding the conduct of their business” [6].

The Karen Millen dispute has a more complicated backstory concerning what rights were and were not transferred with the sale of a business. One of the reasons for Karen Millen (the individual) bringing the claim was a desire to return to retail with a clearer understanding of the extent to which she could use her name. As the judge put it, “at the heart of this dispute… is the range of negative declarations sought by [Karen Millen] to establish what she can do, before she starts to trade” [255].

Whats in a name?

In other words, the desire for business certainty motivated both claimants’ decisions to bring proceedings. This desire is perfectly understandable but can a declaration of non-infringement going to provide the certainty required?

Unlike patents, English trade mark legislation does not expressly provide for declarations of non-infringement but they are possible provided that the following principles have been established:

1. The question of whether to grant negative declarations is one of discretion rather than jurisdiction.
2. The use of negative declarations should be scrutinised and their use rejected where it would serve no useful purpose, but where such a declaration would help ensure that the aims of justice were achieved, the court should not be reluctant to grant a negative declaration.
3. Before a court can properly make a negative declaration, the underlying issue must be sufficiently clearly defined.

The problem in both cases was the extent to which the court was willing to grant a declaration of non-infringement was far more limited than was acceptable to the Claimant’s commercial objective of achieving business certainty. This was an issue under the third principle (i.e. is the underlying issue clearly defined?).

My kind of skyscape

In Skyscape, the request for a declaration was along the lines that we would like the kitchen sink but if the judge is only prepared to grant the tap, that will do or as HHJ Hacon described it “if I was not prepared to grant the DNI sought in full, Skyscape was willing to take whatever declaration it could get at least pending any appeal.”

Skyscape was asking for a DNI in relation to each of (i) SKYSCAPE and (ii) SKYSCAPE CLOUD SERVICES in various fonts, colours and letter case as well as (iii) 18 logos in connection with 10 types of service and the provision of services enabling transition to each of those services. Although the basic question was whether it was ok for Skyscape to use SKYSCAPE in connection with cloud computing for the public sector in the UK, there were a lot of theoretical combinations for each name or logo and service.

Skyscape attempted to deal with these concerns by grouping the marks together and identifying goods or services which Sky had highlighted as a particular concern.  This was provided too late in the proceedings (mid trial) to be of use to the court but could conceivably be an approach used by litigants in the future provided that any such table also deals with the question of identity/similarity in the signs as well and the question is dealt with before (or at least at) the case management conference.

Another favourite skyscape

Karen Millen offers future litigants slightly more reassurance.  The judge, Richard Meade QC, noted that "I am sure there are cases where a minor tweak to the declarations sought would be appropriate. Possibly there are other cases where a small number of discrete aspects of a negative declaration are separately identified from an early stage and could fairly be ruled on separately without injustice to a defendant, but that is not this case" [267].

One of the big difficulties identified by Richard Meade in Karen Millen was that because the Claimant hadnt yet launched her business, it was not possible to precisely compare the goods and services.  As he put it:

"There is no statement about where or how [the Claimants business] would trade, its trade dress, or which of the various marks would actually be used, separately or in combination. For example, ...[i]t seems to me that it could make a very great difference to my assessment of the likelihood of confusion if the Claimant were to use KAREN on womens clothes, and KAREN MILLEN on perfume, candles and eyewear."

So, is it worth bringing proceedings for a declaration of non-infringement?

As always, it depends on the particular circumstances, and there may well be situations where a threat of trade mark proceedings is too great a risk for a business to continue to trade.  Should a claimant decide to go down this road in the future, these cases give a useful indication of the extent to which a declaration will be granted and the evidence the court will look for when making its assessment.

In Android device, custom recovery has to perform lots of tasks such as flash custom ROM, flash the mod zip file, flash Super Su and much more. Without the help of custom recovery, you cannot do such types of task on your android smartphone. All android phones and tablets come with preinstalled stock recovery but this stock recovery have only basic functions and it cannot flash any type of ROMs on your phone. To perform such type of advanced level actions, we need a custom recovery. There are many custom recoveries available such as Clockwork Mod recovery, Philz, Safestrap, TWRP, CWM, etc. One of the powerful recoveries is the Team wins TWRP recovery. It has a simple user interface and easy to use functions.
How to get TWRP for your android?
No matter what smartphone you have, you can easily get TWRP recovery for your device. This is the universal method of installing TWRP on any android phone or tablet. You dont need to have the knowledge of coding, any person having the basic knowledge of smartphone can proceed with this method. Recently TWRP team have released their official app through which you can easily install a custom recovery on your android devices.

Disclaimer: Perform this action at your own risk.  It is your responsibility to make sure that each step is performed carefully.

Requirements:

1. Your device must be rooted. It is mandatory to root your device, as it gives root access to the app which helps to flash the TWRP on android device.
2. Your device must have unlocked the bootloader. Almost every device comes with the locked bootloader. It is not possible to provide a tutorial to unlock the bootloader of every android so you can take help of google and unlock it.

If you have the above-mentioned prerequisites then you are good to go.

Steps to Flash TWRP:

• Open up the play store and download an app called Official TWRP and install it.
• Once you are done with the installation process, open the app and provide root access if it asks for.
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• Now, to confirm if TWRP is installed or not, switch your phone to recovery mode. To switch into recovery mode, different devices have different key combination, find the key combination of your device from google. 
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I have made this tutorial as easy as possible.  If you still face any issues then ping me on any social media platform.

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